tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43535629212928492522024-03-13T08:52:35.190-05:00University of Illinois Evolutionary Medicine, Spring 2013Class blog for Anth 249: Evolution and human disease. We will be responding to class readings and engaging with the wider network of blogs and online content on evolutionary medicine. We might also make up some fun projects along the way.KateClancyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10266484364483890008noreply@blogger.comBlogger182125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-27752570681510280172013-05-05T20:40:00.001-05:002013-05-05T20:40:15.141-05:00First Reader: Cancer<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />
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<br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">This post is a first reader to the article "</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt;">Evolutionary
foundations for cancer biology”. I found this article to be especially
interesting, I feel that more and more people are beginning to understand the
interconnectedness of their day-to-day decisions. Throughout </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;">my
life I have been give the impression that individuals tend to consider “things”
(as in any one thing e.g. food, television, cleaning supplies, clothing) to be separate
from one-another. People seem to like to believe that life is simpler than
science is revealing it is, most likely because this would then add a level of
responsibility that many would not be willing to address. If people actively acknowledged
the cleaning supplies they used were carcinogenic then they would have to put
in extra effort to find a none harmful solution when it is much easier to deny their
lethality in the first place. As we as a species have began to probe the
reality that every action and decision we take and make there are both direct
and indirect consequences that may effect us down the road, sometimes not for
half a lifetime. As talked about in the reading, precancerous growths can be in
existence many years before the cancer itself manifests and these growths could
have been triggered by a simple infection or short exposure to a substance. If
there is one thing this reading has taught me it is to avoid everything.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Aktipis, C. Athena, and Randolph M. Nesse. "Evolutionary
Foundations for Cancer Biology." <i>The
Authors</i> 6 (2013): 144-59. Print.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-67510370981394203352013-05-05T20:14:00.001-05:002013-05-05T20:14:45.390-05:00Responder: "Viruses and Us"This post is in response to Nicholas's first readers post "Viruses and Us". <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Nicholas mentioned the relationship of gut flora and human
health in his post and I thought I would explore it a little further. Virtually
all multicellular organisms live in close association with surrounding
microbes, and humans are no exception. The human body is inhabited by a vast
number of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and unicellular eukaryotes. The
collection of microorganisms that live in peaceful coexistence with their hosts
has been referred to as the microbiota, microflora, or normal flora (</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Kunz et al,
2009</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">). The composition and roles of the bacteria that are part of
this community have been intensely studied in the past few years. However, the
roles of viruses, archaea, and unicellular eukaryotes that inhabit the
mammalian body are less well known. It is estimated that the human microbiota
contains as many as 10</span><sup><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">14</span></sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">bacterial
cells, a number that is 10 times greater than the number of human cells present
in our bodies (</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Kunz
et al, 2009</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">). The microbiota colonizes virtually every surface of the
human body that is exposed to the external environment. Microbes flourish on
our skin and in the genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts (</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Neish, 2009</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">).
By far the most heavily colonized organ is the gastrointestinal tract (GIT);
the colon alone is estimated to contain over 70% of all the microbes in the
human body (</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Neish,
2009</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">). The human gut has an estimated surface area of a tennis
court (200 m</span><sup><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2</span></sup><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">) and, as such a large organ,
represents a major surface for microbial colonization. Additionally, the GIT is
rich in molecules that can be used as nutrients by microbes, making it a preferred
site for colonization</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> (Neish, 2009</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">).</span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kunz</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kuntz</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rudloff,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> S.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intestinal
flora”. Adv Exp Med Biol 639:67–79, 2009.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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in gastrointestinal health and disease”. Gastroenterology 136: 65–80, 2009.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-11708511438917649542013-05-05T19:53:00.005-05:002013-05-05T19:53:59.365-05:00Searcher: Aging
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">I found <a href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1963637,00.html" target="_blank">THIS</a> article, which is relevant to this weeks
discussion on aging. It explains the following information, however, in less
detail than I liked. So, I found s journal article that went into more detail. Owing
to increased lifespan and subdued fertility, the world population aged 60 and
over is anticipated to increase to 21.8% of the total population by 2050 (Lutz
et al, 2008). Many individuals in an aging population will be inflicted with
aging-associated diseases, such as various neurodegenerative disorders (Lutz et
al, 2008). This phenomenon is of public concern and has thus spurred research
in this area. It is believed that healthy aging could be accomplished if
mechanisms underlying human aging were to be elucidated. Modern biological
theories of human aging are classified into programmed theories and error
theories. The programmed theories demonstrate that aging is regulated by some
intrinsic mechanisms; by altered switch genes, changed hormones or even a
dysfunctional immune system. On the contrary, the error theories emphasize
cumulative environment-caused damage, such as reactive oxygen species,
cross-linked macromolecules, DNA damage, and broken energy machines (Lutz et
al, 2008). However, neither of these theories alone can explain all the
phenomena and mechanisms at the root of aging. To date, the fundamental
mechanisms of human physiological aging remain largely unknown<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">W. Lutz, W. Sanderson, S. Scherbov. “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The coming acceleration of global
population ageing” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Nature, 451 (2008),
pp. 716–719</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-75510307687309338122013-04-26T03:42:00.000-05:002013-04-26T03:42:11.377-05:00[Searcher] A few more notes on Chemoterapy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Chemotherapy is a very complex subject. Here are some quick notes that may further expand your perception of it.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19534435">Chemotherapy harms the heart</a><br />
A research demonstrating one of the dangers of this medical treatment. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8957255">Further proof of heart damage done.</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17357354">Ovarian tissue cryopreservation</a><br />
Cryopreservation (freezing) of ovaries may be a workaround over female fertility chemotherapy often causes.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10429422">An account of testicular cancer</a><br />
A paper that may give you an idea about the medical procedures cancer patients go through - from chemo to surgical interaction.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23594243">Cannabinoids may worsen gastric dysmotility induced by chronic cisplatin in the rat.</a><br />
Or, basically, medical marijuana may be counterproductive.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
Vlad Ekimtcovhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16066951541170574289noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-65693459165780882042013-04-25T23:53:00.002-05:002013-04-25T23:53:54.937-05:00Researcher: Advancements in Radiation Treatments <br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
One of the things we talked about in class was about radiation
and how now there is this new form of radiation that is basically giving
radiation in small doses to patients. Aggressively fighting the cancer cells in
someone’s body and trying to get all the cancer out as soon as possible isn’t the
motive, but to live with cancer and control it and then fight it is the motive.
Talking about this new form of radiation got me thinking about the other treatments
for cancer, as well as the differences between similar treatments; as well as
the current advancement in cancer. It turns up the 50% of patients who have cancer
will have some form of radiation therapy. One of the new forms of radiation is
a 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy which is to improve the precision with which
radiation is delivered to tumors and leads to minimizing radiation dose to
healthy tissues (1). The newest form of 3D conformal radiation therapy is
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy. This form changes the shape of the beams
and it varies the intensity of radiation within each beam. These two forms of
radiation key points are that they are able to minimize the amount of radiation
dose to healthy tissues, which sounds like a good thing and maybe a really big
improvement. Even these new forms of radiation are to aggressively fight cancer
and its reproduction. The fact that these little changes make such a big difference
is huge and shows how things are changing for the better very rapidly. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Website used and additional websites about advancements:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://www.radonc.uchicago.edu/pat_new-advancements.html">http://www.radonc.uchicago.edu/pat_new-advancements.html</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://www.medsci.org/v09p0193.htm">http://www.medsci.org/v09p0193.htm</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://www.mdanderson.org/patient-and-cancer-information/cancer-information/cancer-topics/cancer-treatment/radiation/index.html">http://www.mdanderson.org/patient-and-cancer-information/cancer-information/cancer-topics/cancer-treatment/radiation/index.html</a><o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03737371166508897320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-39555468947630807012013-04-25T23:02:00.000-05:002013-04-25T23:02:31.277-05:00[Searcher] Defeating CancerThis week's topic of cancer and it's causes was particularly meaningful to me because many members of my family have had cancer or died from it. What was particularly interesting to me was the notion that cancer is constantly evolving. Although this seems obvious, it's implications are huge. Finding a cure has always been an issue because we appeared late in the game, so to speak. What makes things even more difficult is that cancer is not static and that it is different in every case. Cells work much like evolution in that natural selection and mutations are inevitable. A cell line that gains an advantage in the competition for resources will have accumulated mutations that will likely proliferate and possibly evolve into a cancerous tumor. This surprised me because I also never thought of cells as being in a competition either. Some possible surface-level solutions to this adapting cancer is to be checked routinely for cancer as the less time a cancerous cell has to evolve, the less diverse the population of cells will become. Another possible solution is to attack early cancer aggressively so that it doesn't have the chance to evolve and evade assaults. With how easily cancer tends to evade our advances, it's important to know as much about it's history and how it functions as possible.<br />
<br />
<br />
More information about cells adapting and possible solutions: <a href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/071001_cancer">http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/071001_cancer</a>Bela Shahhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10696983903055814242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-2560682663111575262013-04-25T22:30:00.000-05:002013-04-25T22:30:58.087-05:00Searcher: What Cancer Can Teach Us About Evolution Cancer affects many people and it seems as if almost everybody now knows a person that is affected by cancer. While searching on the web for cancer related articles, I came upon a article titled <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/nov/18/cancer-evolution-bygone-biological-age" target="_blank">Cancer Can Teach Us About Our Own Evolution </a>by Paul Davies on The Guardian. This article talks about how researchers, while in the search for a cure for cancer, took a step back and asked the basic question of "why does cancer exist?" Davies talks about how "cancer, it seems, is embedded in the basic machinery of life, a type of default state that can be triggered by some kind of insult." Cancer does not only affect people, but is also widespread among mammals, fish, reptiles, and even plants. It is said that "scientists have identified genes implicated in cancer that we are thought to be hundreds of millions of years old"(Davies). The article focuses on two evolutionary stages that are relevant to cancer. The first is an occurrence that happened over 2 billion years ago, "when large, complex cells emerged containing mitochondria... Biologists think mitochondria are the remnants of ancient bacteria. Tellingly, they undergo systematic changes as cancer develops, profoundly altering their chemical and physical properties"(Davies). The second phase was when multicelluar organisms emerged. For most of the history of Earth, only single-celled organisms existed, however, through this drastic change, "ordinary cells have outsourced their immortality to specialized germ cells"(Davies). This has to do with cancer because "cancer involves a breakdown of the covenant between germ cells and the rest" (Davies). Even though this is difficult to understand, it shows us that cancer has existed even before the evolution of man.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03232292822381040391noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-74110931768082844782013-04-25T22:26:00.001-05:002013-04-25T22:26:47.077-05:00Searcher: HRT Treatment <br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Since we are on the topic of cancer this week and especially
focusing on breast cancer I felt as if it was important to find an article that
would be resourceful in evolutionary medicine. During the beginning of the
semester we covered some aspects of women going through menopause and why it
happens. Natural selection has altered women’s reproductive system for the
purpose of survival and energy conservation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I thought it may be important to reevaluate
the HRT treatment as a negative therapy treatment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The article <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=hormone-therapy-may-raise">Hormone therapy may raise risk of aggressive breast cancer</a> <span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">talks
about HRT (hormone replacement theory) to treat the symptoms of menopause are
increasing risk of developing aggressive breast cancer. This seems to be an
issue because breast cancer is predominantly seen in older women and those
older women are around the age at which menopause occurs. Since there has been
some correlation in breast cancer and HRT treatment older women should refrain
from doing so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all natural
selection has lowered certain hormones in a women’s body past a certain age for
a reason and adding more is adding to a mismatch in the bodies normal hormone levels. It may be used to caution women about thinking of theraputic ways to think about coping with menopause symptoms. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03260294106449024627noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-12583733113670869342013-04-25T19:37:00.003-05:002013-04-25T19:40:27.396-05:00Searcher- Is Cancer Contagious? <br />
Recently Hugo Chavez died of an unknown (at least to us) form of cancer. Before he died, he blamed the United States for giving him cancer by insinuating that we had the technology to infect people with cancer. This is of course not true, but it does bring up the question of can cancers be contagious? The answer is yes.<br />
<br />
In some non human species, such as dogs and Tasmanian devils, animals can infect each other with cancer. Essentially Tasmanian devils are nasty and fight well. They rip up each other's jaws and if one has cancer in its jaw caused by facial tumor disease, then some of the cancerous cells from its jaw may be able to transplant themselves into the ripped up jaw of the opposing Tasmanian devil. Since there is very limited genetic diversity amongst that species, the cells go unnoticed and multiply, eventually killing the creature. The cells are unnoticed because the cancer cells are so similar to the other cells in the devil's body that the immune system does not identify it as foreign and mount an attack. Even when faced with some genetic diversity, the cells have discovered how to produced fewer cell markers that would identify it as a threat to the immune system. Dogs are very similar, however their's is a sexually transmitted disease called canine transmissible venereal tumor.<br />
<br />
So why haven't we heard of this occurring in humans? Essentially because there is so much genetic diversity amongst our species that it is harder for a cell to fly under the radar because our cells have a wider diversity of cell markers. There have however been cases. For instance, a mother can transmit melanoma to her fetus and people getting organ transplant can get cancer from the donor. In the case of transplant, the donor already had undetected cancer and the recipient is generally on immunosupressants so the immune system is unable to recognize the threat. In short, cancer can be contagious, however not in the same sense that viruses are contagious. Hugo Chavez was not zapped with a cancer beam, he simply got cancer.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-cancer-contagious">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-cancer-contagious</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09012574488683054497noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-67507908120882875612013-04-25T17:32:00.003-05:002013-04-25T17:33:17.930-05:00Searcher - Adaptive Therapy?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt;">In light of Professor Clancy’s lecture on Monday
and a question raised on Wednesday, I was interested in the potential of
Adaptive Therapy as opposed to the current way in which chemotherapy is used in
the US. I read a brief article that discussed the findings of an experiment utilizing adaptive therapy among other forms chemotherapy.
Adaptive therapy is a means of using chemotherapy that seeks to use the lowest
dose of chemotherapy possible to sustain the existing tumors. This differs from
the current usage of chemotherapy in which the maximum tolerable dose is used,
hoping to most affect the tumor while keeping the patient alive. In the
experiment a strain of breast cancer was exposed to a few forms of chemotherapy
including adaptive therapy. The particular type of tumor cells surveyed was
resistant to treatment when using the maximum tolerable dose (in this case to
doxorubicin). The study showed that through adaptive therapy, the growth of the
tumor cells could be prevented or sustained. In simulating the results of
the study on breast cancer patients, it found that through adaptive therapy there was a potential for two to three fold increase over the use of the
maximum tolerable dose. Further, the survival rate increased when combined with other
forms of treatment, up to ten fold in one of the populations of the experiment.
The author concludes questioning whether adaptive therapy could be used to
prevent metastasis of the tumor given that the existing treatments, which
utilize high doses, can in some cases drastically reduce the initial size.
However, given that with increased chemoresistence the chances of metastasis
increase, the author conjectures that if adaptive therapy were to be used with
a chemo sensitive tumor, it may not promote metastasis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt;">Johanning, Gary L. "Chemotherapy: Too Much
of a Good Thing."</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt;">Chemotherapy: Open Access</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt;">1.5 (2012)</span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11142525133141845140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-73066489744938487782013-04-23T22:15:00.000-05:002013-04-23T22:15:51.073-05:00Searcher Post— Exploring the Evolution of Oral Cancer<br />
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Cancer
is one of the more unfortunately diverse and broad issues the medical field has
found itself dealing with. The intriguing characteristic about cancer is its
ability to infect all parts of the human body. For this reason, I thought it
would be of interest to myself, and hopefully the rest of the class, a closer
look at oral cancer, and its evolution throughout time. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The origins
of oral cancer, as we learned during lecture, are driven by both one’s genes
and the environment. About <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer#Causes" target="_blank">75%</a> of oral cancers are linked to modifiable behaviors that include the excessive
use of tobacco and alcohol consumption, poor hygiene, poor nutrition,
ill-fitting dentures/ rough surfaces on the teeth, and chronic infections by
bacteria (like HPV). When detected early, oral cancer can be prevented.
According to the Oral Cancer Foundation however, “death rate associated with
this cancer is particularly high not because it is hard to discover or
diagnose, but due to the cancer being routinely discovered late in its
development”. Other concerning facts about oral cancer (oral and pharynx)
include: 42,000 individuals will be diagnosed this year alone. Thus, about 1
person every hour is killed by this sub-type of cancer, because of the 57%
survival rate. This survival rate is not limited to only the United States. The
prevalence of oral cancer can be cross-culturally examined as in <i><a href="http://www.benthamscience.com/open/tonutraj/articles/V004/180TONUTRAJ.pdf" target="_blank">The Open Nutraceuticals Journal </a></i>.
This article explores the molecular biology of oral cancers—and the reason
behind higher genetic risk factors found among South Asian individuals. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Therapy
of oral cancer is not always effective. If detected early, “stage I and II and
be cured by surgery or radiation therapy but later stages, like III and IV are
treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy with 20% and 12% survival rates
respectively”, according to <a href="http://www.unc.edu/courses/2008ss2/obio/720/001/2008_Readings/072908_oralcabiology_OO2007.pdf" target="_blank">Advances inthe biology or oral cancer</a>.
These methods of treatment of adaptive therapy result in a cultural lifestyle
trade-off of the quality of life versus the quantity of life. For example
through low dose chemotherapy, there is less strong selection pressures made
thus sensitive cells are not killed, whereas responsive chemo cells are
maintained. This way, resistant cells are unable to grow in new spots. In other
words, one can either survive cancer (living with cancer) or completely get rid
of cancer (with a lower fitness and life quality) and risk a relapse of the cancer.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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In
short, the existence of oral cancer was almost if not completely nonexistent during
the age of our ancestors. The increase use of processed foods, agriculture, and
uses of technology has exposed more viral infections and bacteria to the human
oral cavity than ever before. It is inevitable that cancer treatment will
become more progressive throughout the future years, and only time will tell
just how effective it will be. <o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05014113312385970141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-67055131304772112772013-04-21T23:45:00.001-05:002013-04-21T23:46:56.775-05:00Evolution of Cancer<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">This week reading allows the readers to take a visual scientific journey
to learn about an evolutionary way to view cancer. We’ve learned about
accumulation of cells and their mutations during our lifetime (Somatic
evolution), reasons why individual develop cancer, ways to achieve longevity
via chemotherapy, as well as a host of other far-reaching material about
evolution and cancer. And as scientist, “attempt to understand the reason why
the system of the body are limited in their capacities to protect us from
disease”; humans are still developing cancer despite the idea that our body has
the capacity to protect us. But the way
in which we view cancer is being exemplified in the article entitled, “Evolutionary
Foundation for Cancer Biology”, and we learned about six evolutionary
explanations, and why organisms are vulnerable in developing cancer. This article also explains how cancer is a
rarity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Even after reading this article, it is hard to believe that cancer is
rare, because I know so many people who has cancer, and six family members that
was diagnosed with cancer (could be a genetically based). It was interesting to
read about chemo resisting cells and treating cancer with a lower dose of
chemotherapy. When my Aunt Susan had cancer (she unfortunately passes away in
2005) she received radiation (</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer
cells by damaging their DNA), and Chemotherapy. She was receiving the therapy
at the highest does available, and reading this article I realized that the
high does not necessarily mean you will be cured faster. I have had the
pleasure to meet so many wonderful individuals who happen to have cancer, or
who had cancer that is and was dong/going through chemotherapy. And most of the
individual die due to the fast replication of the cancer cell, and metastasis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Overall, this week readings demonstrate that cancer is a perplex
condition and can be caused by multiple factors. You can develop cancer from
genetic factors, hormone imbalances, too much energy intake, less energy
output, tobacco availability, HPV, cell mutation, inflammation, change in
neighboring support cell, genetic modification, infection, and overall can’t be
prevented. Even though we can't prevent cancer, we treat the disease. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13087881481511634142noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-26310858967153609502013-04-20T22:55:00.003-05:002013-04-20T22:56:27.089-05:00First Reader: Cancer and Its Causes<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Before our class lectures, I was not too informed about what
causes cancer, partially because I have not known anyone very close to me that
has been diagnosed with cancer – my understanding was that it was caused by
mostly environmental factors and genetics along with very little influence from
other factors presented in the reading such as poor diet and energy expenditure,
but some of the factors presented were new to me (i.e. co-evolution with
pathogens, evolved capacities for defense). Upon reflection, none of the
article’s claims are surprising or immediately questionable. The article
mentions that cancer is a disease that is not new to our modern environment,
however, sometimes due to mismatch, certain types of cancer are obviously more
common within it. Since cancer is majorly influenced by culture or lifestyle,
this means that developed nations such as the United States are plagued with cancer
more easily and more often, another throwback to our lessons concerning the
negative consequences of industrialization. I think the most interesting part
of the article is when it mentions faster growth rates being linked to higher
cancer rates; I also think it’s frightening, because it applies to me, and now
that I have been presented these additional causes of cancer, I realize that
there could be a higher risk for me than I’ve previously thought – of course, this
is not meant to be hypochondriacal self-diagnosis but rather a smarter
awareness. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08762413251168026712noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-63494763606521700662013-04-20T17:13:00.000-05:002013-04-20T17:13:20.688-05:00First Reader: Foundations for Understanding CancerFirst, according to the reading by Aktipis and Nesse - Evolutionary foundations for Cancer biology; they use ecology theories and methods for understanding why we are vulnerable to cancer. There are six types of evolutionary explanations for traits that leave organisms vulnerable to disease; Mismatch with novel environments, Co-evolution with fast evolving pathogens, Constraints on what selection can do, and the Trade-offs, Reproductive successes, and defenses with costs as well as benefits.<br />
<br />
Next, the life of a cell is affected by various threats and opportunities (predatory immune cells), limited growth factors, oxygen, glucose, physical constraints, adjacent cells, and membranes in which they are attached. In addition, the normal micro-environment of cells and aggression and stress plays a critical role in cancer susceptibility. Therefore, changes to micro-environments are key factors in how cancer is initiated, progressed, and responds to treatments.<br />
<br />
Finally, normal cells do not become malignant due to race, gender, or class. Malignant tumors evolve from genetic instabilities and mutator phenotypes. Moreover, changes to neighboring cells can enhance the growth of cancer cells, and bacterial and inflammation damages tissues and makes them more vulnerable to cancers. The importance of an evolutionary understanding of cancer comes from how it progresses (somatic evolution), how cancer cells interact with environments (ecological approaches), why it is not more common (natural selection for cancer suppression mechanisms), and why cancer suppression mechanisms can never be perfect (constraints, trade offs, and other evolutionary reasons for vulnerability to diseases).Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09540201915789929559noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-43909898851036158132013-04-19T06:56:00.001-05:002013-04-19T06:56:51.528-05:00Searcher: Early Impact of the HPV Vaccination Program <br />
<div class="p1">
This week's article on HPV vaccination basically looks into which U.S. groups are at high risk for cervical cancer and the different factors that may be contributing to the new cervical cancer cases that we're getting. It's upsetting to know that we have the resources to eventually rid the population of one type of cancer, and yet what's stopping this from happening have to do with the country's health system. While the U.S. struggles to target vaccination, especially to high-risk groups, I came across <a href="http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/hpv-vaccine-showing-successes-in-australia/" target="_blank">an article that was published yesterday on the NY Times</a> and it discusses the accomplishments of the HPV vaccination campaign in Australia. This program began five years ago and it offers free HPV vaccination for girls and young women so it's not too surprising that there is a decrease in genital warts and cervical abnormalities among these young women. But what initially surprised me the most is that this program that's aimed for women is benefiting the Australian men as well! The genital wart rate is drastically decreasing among men who are under 30, and more specifically, it's estimated that rates decreased by about 82 percent among heterosexual men below 21. It's important to note that among girls who are under 21, the drop amounted to nearly 93 percent. It astonished me how close these numbers are to each other so I looked further into what the article describes as the 'herd immunity' and this is the phenomenon that explains how the high rate of immunization among young women is protecting young men. </div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
A large group of people where the majority chooses to get vaccinated are referred to as the 'herd community'. But among this herd community are some unvaccinated people mingling around as well so when the infection spreads, the unvaccinated people basically have protection from all of the vaccinated people around them and they ultimately don't get sick. However, the people who chose not to get vaccinated and are located outside of the herd community do get sick. But there's another catch to this concept. If there aren't enough vaccinated people in the herd community, herd immunity will not succeed because there needs to be enough of the vaccinated people in the area to protect the non-vaccinated people who are mingling around them. This concept also explains how there's a 93 percent drop in genital warts in young women when only 85 percent were vaccinated. The herd immunity is protecting men as well as the unvaccinated women. </div>
<div class="p2">
<br /></div>
<div class="p1">
Although the study we read this week only focuses on the U.S., this really should be a priority for everyone because unlike other vaccines, this one has an extremely high potential of eradicating genital warts and it will get us one step closer to preventing cancers of the cervix, head and neck. </div>
Raiahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14646327274967818070noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-71001270743915166672013-04-18T23:14:00.001-05:002013-05-05T19:06:46.996-05:00Searcher- Casual Sex<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I found
an article on Google Scholar that explains the effects of <a href="http://i%20found%20an%20article%20that%20explains%20the%20effects%20of%20casual%20sex%20among%20students%20in%20college.%20it%20relates%20to%20the%20topic%20we%20brought%20up%20about%20many%20different%20mating%20systems.%20casual%20sex%20was%20described%20as%20sex%20without%20any%20commitments.%20the%20article%20constructed%20a%20survey%20and%20found%20that%20most%20people%20involved%20in%20casual%20sex%20are%20friends%20and%20also%20found%20that%20the%20friend%20aspect%20of%20casual%20sex%20leads%20to%20depression.%20men%20were%20less%20likely%20to%20get%20depressed%20during%20casual%20sex%20than%20women.%20i%20was%20not%20sure%20if%20this%20is%20considered%20polygamy%20or%20serial%20monogamy.%20this%20kind%20of%20topic%20brings%20up%20another%20point%20that%20was%20brought%20up%20in%20class%20about%20pathogens.%20casual%20sex%20with%20multiple%20partners%20may%20soon%20lead%20to%20stds%2C%20for%20the%20more%20casual%20you%20become%20the%20less%20protection%20you%20use.%20a%20friend%20from%20my%20grammar%20school%20experienced%20the%20downside/upside%20(depending%20on%20how%20you%20look%20at%20it)%20of%20casual%20sex%20and%20ended%20up%20with%20a%20baby%20at%2014.%20Luckily%20he%20had%20a%20baby%20instead%20of%20gaining%20a%20STD;%20however,%20it%20was%20life%20changing%20as%20you%20may%20imagine%20and%20he%20is%20struggling%20to%20make%20end%20meet%20as%20we%20speak.%20Casual%20sex%20and%20polygamy%20I%20think%20should%20not%20be%20ideal%20for%20most%20men%20and%20women%20for%20the%20after%20effects%20could%20be%20more%20positive%20than%20negative.%20It%20may%20lead%20to%20a%20baby%20with%20someone%20you%20never%20thought%20of%20be%20in%20a%20relationship%20with,%20but%20now%20you%20are%20bonded%20with%20that%20person%20forever%20whether%20you%20like%20it%20or%20not%20and%20it%20may%20also%20lead%20to%20the%20gain%20in%20pathogens.">casual sex among students in college</a>. It
relates to the topic we brought up about many different mating systems. Casual
sex was described as sex without any commitments. The article constructed a
survey and found that most people involved in casual sex are friends and also
found that the friend aspect of casual sex leads to depression. Men were less
likely to get depressed during casual sex than women. I was not sure if this is
considered polygamy or serial monogamy. This kind of topic brings up another
point that was brought up in class about pathogens. Casual sex with multiple partners
may soon lead to STDs, for the more casual you become the less protection you
use. A friend from my grammar school experienced the downside/upside (depending
on how you look at it) of casual sex and ended up with a baby at 14. Luckily he
had a baby instead of gaining a STD; however, it was life changing as you may
imagine and he is struggling to make end meet as we speak. Casual sex and
polygamy I think should not be ideal for most men and women for the after
effects could be more negative than positive. It may lead to a baby with
someone you never thought of be in a relationship with, but now you are bonded
with that person forever whether you like it or not and it may also lead to the
gain in pathogens. In the end it can also lead to emotional problems such as depression as mentioned before so better to me committed than not.<o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03024647395458244573noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-62672031473938952152013-04-18T00:03:00.001-05:002013-04-18T00:03:08.145-05:00Searcher: Infectious DiseaseDisease and illness are not cool. In fact, reading about epidemics and things shutting down my bodily functions has a tendency to terrify me. As an avid gamer, however, I've chanced upon these topics in a few rather unusual places. One such place is with the game <a href="http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/360724" style="font-style: italic;">Pandemic</a>, which now has two sequels. <i>Pandemic </i>is a game in which you play as a virus, with the aim of infecting the entire globe. You can choose different evolutionary paths along the way, and each choice has varying trade offs for your survival. I personally have never beaten the game, but it has become an incredibly complex and fascinating simulation of how evolution and adaptability functions.<br />
Another place I've seen talk of disease is in <i>World of Warcraft</i>. I don't personally play <i>World of Warcraft</i>, but I stumbled upon an <a href="http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Abstract/2007/03000/Modeling_Infectious_Diseases_Dissemination_Through.15.aspx">article</a> one day discussing an accidental plague which spread through the several million player online world, wreaking a great deal of havoc along the way. This virtual pandemic was so widespread and well documented that scientists decided to use it as a model for studying epidemics in the real world.<br />
Unfortunately, the real world doesn't allow respawns, which alters the risk-taking behaviors of those involved. However, it turns out that scientists in <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v445/n7123/full/445018a.html">Chicago</a> (along with some from our very own campus!) set out to make their own virtual world, one with alterable parameters, allowing for control over variables in a large scale social science experiment. Their focus will be mainly on trade and economics, but they most certainly could move to introduce an epidemic similar to that of <i>World of Warcraft</i>s. I feel that studies such as these may provide much needed data on how people react to a pandemic, and as such, look forward to seeing what they will produce.Andrew Lhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14354858754944144454noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-49623748039520291272013-04-17T19:36:00.001-05:002013-04-17T19:36:30.484-05:00Searcher: Maintaining Sexual Health in Adolescents<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sexual and reproductive health varies widely across the
world, which Marilyn Rice describes in her article <a href="http://ac.els-cdn.com/S147264831061944X/1-s2.0-S147264831061944X-main.pdf?_tid=30cc368e-a7a3-11e2-9a9c-00000aacb361&acdnat=1366233191_b0009fbd87ef2ede5f9fbd897073f33d">here</a>.
In a developed country, such as the United States, sexual education is often a
part of school curriculum. Other countries do not have this as an option. Young
women in particular are at particular risk, not just of becoming pregnant, but
of contracting diseases and infections. As adolescents, these girls do not have
the social status or power over their own bodies needed to take proper care of
their bodies. If her condition is left untreated, it could mean more serious
consequences in the future, such as dangerous pregnancy or infertility. </div>
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Developing countries
need access to the information necessary to make an informed decision when it
comes to sexual health. In some African and Asian countries, the female
fraction of the student body in schools is significantly less than for males. Even
if sexual education is offered in some form in schools, girls may not be there
to hear it. In these countries, females are lower on the social hierarchy than
males. It may be more important to her family that she helps out around the
house than receives an education. The author of this article cites a supportive
family environment as an effective way to provide information to adolescents. In
addition, she talks about how religious organizations should take part as well.
I found this interesting because the data Professor Clancy showed in class
demonstrated this as an ineffective method.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are
many factors involved in maintaining sexual health in adolescents. It seems as
though adolescents are experimenting sexually at a younger age than previous
generations. As a result, it is important to keep them informed. Along with
this comes creating an environment of gender equality, which can help women
have the power they need to make decisions about their own bodies.</div>
Heatherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07464163535318682568noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-82073962364150841332013-04-16T21:39:00.001-05:002013-04-16T21:39:06.370-05:00 Respondent: “How To Heal”
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The readers learn early in the chapters that the process of
infection via microorganisms is a subtle issue. It’s remarkable to learn about
evolution through every form of life, from the smallest to the biggest
organisms. What’s even more amazing is to learn about organisms that are naked to
the human eye. The transmission process of the microbial is perplexed and the
invasion/infection process varies depending on the individual. As seen in
chapter 8, “Some are sick for days, or become hospitalized, whereas others are
mildly ill for only one or two days”. Cara mentioned her sister-in-law being ill
from the flu, and though she wanted to treat the, “Inconvenient symptoms of the
flu”, I think it is also import to let incurable bacterial diseases to run its
course by allowing your body to heal naturally. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Even though Cara’s sister-in-law was trying to go back to
work as soon as possible, it is important to note that the symptoms of the flu
can be masked, but the virus will still be in ones body. Going to work with the
flu virus signs and symptoms masked can easily be communicable, and a hazard to
others. <o:p></o:p></div>
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I agree with Cara 100% when she discussed the fact that the,
“closer contact with animals and people, the setting of towns, and changes in
diets are all factors that increase the spread of disease”. Working in a health care environment 36 hours
per week, I understand the importance of hand washing, universal precaution,
sterile technique, and anything that can protect the patients, and healthcare
providers from spreadable disease. I
agreed with the chapter (under How Pathogens spread) that there is a huge
possibility that, “It can be a caretaker who carries germs from one sick
patient to a well person”, but I disagree when they used an example of, “one
needle stick being used on one sick patient then used on a well person”. As
health care provider who has done multiple, “needle sticks” since age sixteen,
I have never stuck another patient with someone else needle (nor have I heard
of another nurse of doctor sticking a patient with another patients needle). The
act of sticking one patient with someone else needle is unacceptable, and the
health care provider that did the act need to be reprimanded for their
incompetence.<o:p></o:p></div>
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On the other hand, future epidemics, and pandemics are very
likely, and feared. With the world health organization, Center of Disease
Control, Researcher, medical Doctors hopefully the world will be safe enough so
that infections will not kill a third of the population. But I think since we
as a society overuse Antibiotic, we may see an epidemic or pandemic that claims
a third of the population’s life, due to resistance to these important drugs. And
we should remember that some drug help ease the symptoms of viruses, and bacterial
infections but not cure (viruses in particular). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13087881481511634142noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-31441373591477400132013-04-14T19:42:00.005-05:002013-04-14T19:42:37.366-05:00Infectious Diseases First Reader <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span> There
are so many things to consider when one mentions the word disease. As noted
from the readings, the concept is dense; there are a variety of mechanisms,
hypotheses, causations, types, and transmission methods. Because I do want to
become a physician in the future, I am studying a lot of disease mechanisms and
triggers in my biology courses. I feel like the material is highly relevant to
me in understanding the basic science behind diseases. </span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
chapters in Medical Anthropology overlapped with a lot of the information I had
previously been exposed to, such as the immune system and antibody/antigen
recognition, viral infections, and modes of pathogenic transmission. It even
reinforced a lot of my research I was doing for my 20% project on allergies.
Though I am specifically analyzing food allergies, the idea is essentially the
same. A food allergy is nothing more than an inflammatory response triggered by
your immune system when it comes across a foreign antigen. Those allergic to
specific foods cannot properly recognize the antigens found in that food. </span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
I found interesting were the proposed hypotheses for rates of allergy and
asthma. To me, it seems as if the Hygiene Hypothesis would be more relevant to
the spread of diseases rather than the spread of allergies. Hygiene typically
involves the killing of bacteria and microbes instead of masking of antigens,
so it was surprising to me that the Hygiene Hypothesis has become prominent. On
the same page as hygiene, I do believe that the increased need for cleanliness
in developed countries has contributed to infections. Similar to antibiotic
resistance, the continuous repression of less harmful forms of illness and
pathogens can lead to growth in rates. However, how should this be combated? It’s
unrealistic to expect patients and physicians not to take immediate action in
the face of “danger”. Instead of limiting people’s resources, I believe
focusing on new research and treatment methods is moving in the right
direction. </span><br />
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02804309973838407471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-29320719349163103512013-04-12T02:18:00.001-05:002013-04-22T00:36:22.677-05:00Researcher Viruses in Contaminated WaterI did not see Group 4 for this week - not sure if I need to post a blog.<br />
<br />
So I decided to play it safe and did some research on viruses in contaminated water. A good example of parasites in contaminated water is in the Sub-Saharan in Africa and South Asia. In these developing countries there are people living in extreme poverty. In addition, these individuals do not have access to safe water, clean sanitation, nor instructions for good hygiene. Large areas in Asia have no access to sanitary disposal of human waste. Therefore, failure to dispose of waste properly can contaminate water and food sources leading to an increase in the transmission of pathogens orally. Consequently, this has lead to the spread of waterborne parasites that infect and kill 8.8 million children a year. These parasites are ingested orally, enters into the intestines, and effect the liver and brain. As a result, many are ill, their growth are stunted, whether or not children enroll in school, and it impairs proper mental and physical development.<br />
<br />
There are numerous parasites and pathogens that contaminate children as they are bathing or playing in the water. Unfortunately, it is the same body of water that is used for defecating, or cleaning fecal matter from the body or soiled clothes. Other parasites and pathogens include waterborne parasites; Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia Intestinalis, Cryptosporidium Parvum.<br />
In addition, there are bacterial enteropathogens; salmonella (found in chicken, ground beef, and turtles), Shigella (can be found in men who have sex with men), Escherichia Coli, Vibrio Cholerae.<br />
<br />
I found this information in my Global Health textbook by Richard Skolnik (2012), chapter 8, and<br />
The Center for Disease and Prevention (2010). www.cdc.gov.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09540201915789929559noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-22956245775101935422013-04-08T21:54:00.003-05:002013-04-08T21:54:38.290-05:00First Reader: How to heal
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">My sister-in-law was ill with the flu a few weeks ago and
needed to get back on her feet quickly to go back to work. My immediate
response was to encourage her to ask her doctor for Tamiflu which is a drug that
works to treat the inconvenient symptoms of the flu virus. But does the
convenience of symptom solving drugs create a future of inconveniences? According
to chapters eight through ten the answer is probably. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Being a History major, I like to apply everything we learn
in class to where it might fit most appropriately on a historical timeline. As
nerdy as this may make me the biggest event I could associate with these
readings was the Black Death. A disease spread through massive population
shifts to urban environments and through the transmission of rats the plague
was one of the most deadly events in human history. Of course, people of that
time believe that the plague was a punishment bestowed by God. Now we are able
to determine the spread of disease that facilitate events like these. This also
holds true for the increase in disease as a result of the industrial revolution
that the chapters mention. Closer contact with animals and people, the settling
of towns, and changes in diets are all factors that increase the spread of
disease. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">These events bring us to today. We still have epidemics like
the most recent flu which claimed multiple lives this year. It makes me wonder
that if epidemics of the past claimed nearly a third of the population (black
death) is it better to treat just the symptoms so that we can quickly return to
our day to day activities or should we let our bodies natural response take
over. Personally, I think drugs like Tamiflu and Dayquil should be used in
moderation although I am certainly guilty of overusing them in an attempt to go
to work or school sooner. Maybe I should take a dose of my own “natural”
medicine instead. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Carahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11621391798479849162noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-53069689404451600092013-04-08T00:07:00.000-05:002013-04-08T00:08:26.979-05:00Viruses and Us-First Reader<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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I found this week’s reading to be interesting and applicable
to my major. As an MCB major, I have studied the effects of bacteria and
viruses in living organisms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most
interesting piece of information that I learned in my classes is the way of
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lytic or lysogenic phase.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Lytic phase occurs when the host cell is deemed healthy by
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lysogenic phase occurs when the host cell is not very healthy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What occurs under these conditions is the
integration of the virus’ genetic information into the host cells genome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once the host cell is healthy enough then the
cell will go into the lytic phase.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
This
was an explanation of the reading in chapter 8 where it stated:<br />
<br /></div>
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“One other option for the virus is to simply remain in the
cell without causing any damage and without spreading, such that the host
becomes a carrier of the virus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
virus can remain latent and noninfectious until the immune function is suppressed
and then symptoms of infection may emerge. (Ch. 8 pg 220)”<br />
<br /></div>
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Another topic that one of my classes studied was the
utilization of vitamin K produced by intestinal host bacteria.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The human body cannot synthesize vitamin K so
that is why we have created a symbiotic relationship with this form of bacteria.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vitamin K is used to strengthen our immune
system helping in coagulation and absorption of other biological nutrients.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06759821904128578676noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-26619453964327554712013-04-07T18:59:00.002-05:002013-04-07T18:59:33.555-05:00First Reader - Disease and the Agricultural Revolution
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I found very interesting in the text, the discussion about
the impact of the agricultural revolution and its effects on infectious
disease. While, I feel that in the West the agricultural revolution is still
largely hailed as a step towards civilization, it was as well a step towards
the epidemic diseases we still live with. Early humans were not sedentary,
following practices of hunting and gathering, they moved around following food
and did not establish large urban areas. The authors of the text note that the
pathogens that effected early humans were ectoparasites, protozoa, fungi,
bacteria, and zoonotes (diseases that transfer between species, ex.
Tuberculosis from cattle to humans (p. 257)). These pathogens usually do not
lead to epidemics and spread slowly through populations (p. 255). With the advent
of agriculture as well came sedentary populations that begin to live in much
large population densities than are seen among hunter-gatherer groups. As well,
dealing with human waste, which was not an issue for mobile hunter-gatherer
groups, becomes a major potential health risk for urbanized populations. With
the rise of more domestication of animals came more zoonotes. Diets became less
balanced, and malnutrition became more widespread. The rise of trade helped to
spread diseases through in between distant populations. These conditions are
conducive to the rise of things like plague or smallpox that have the potential
to erupt into major epidemics with the potential to kill mass amounts of people
(p. 256-59). While we have been able to control many deadly epidemic disease such as smallpox for some years, the threat of resistant strains may result in massive epidemics in the future.</div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11142525133141845140noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4353562921292849252.post-43266475184293942452013-04-07T13:57:00.002-05:002013-04-07T13:57:54.822-05:00First Reader - Treating adaptive responses to infectious disease
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Our bodies handle infectious diseases in a couple different
ways; there are adaptive responses, such as coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and
diarrhea, and immune responses. Whether it is because adaptive responses are
associated with sickness or because they are just really unpleasant, there
seems to be a negative perception of them. </div>
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It isn’t really uncommon then to want to treat the
uncomfortable symptoms that accompany infectious disease. But in fact,
suppressing the adaptive responses your body has can have harmful repercussions
as far as overcoming the infection goes. Our bodies have adapted these
reactions to rid itself of the pathogens. Responses like vomiting or coughing
are the body’s means of physically flushing or expelling as much of the
pathogen as possible. </div>
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So why do we generally act to treat these symptoms through
suppression if this causes the body to house more of the pathogen and work harder
to destroy it? </div>
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In many cases, these symptoms are thought of as part of the
pathogen and not the body’s protective response to it. Pharmaceutical companies
that fund the clinical treatment of these adaptive responses are unlikely to
support the idea that simply resting and recuperating may be best to allow the
body to fight the sickness. </div>
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Why should we have to suffer pain if we have the option not
to? Chapter 8 of Medical Anthropology introduces the concept of a high ‘pain
intolerance’ in the U.S. because of the option to treat adaptive responses.
Along with this idea, if patients seek medical advice and what they get is
recommendation to do nothing but take it easy, rest and recuperate, they may
see that their money was poorly spent at the doctor’s office. Perhaps this
could be remedied by the same advice with suggestions to take needed supplements
afterwards to fortify bodily systems that were drained from the sickness?</div>
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People are expected to continue on with life even in the
face of sickness. Our busy schedules don’t allow extraneous time to be sick, so
naturally quick fixes of the symptoms of pathogens are widely sought after. But
is this best for our health? And wouldn’t the medical community, entrusted with
the responsibility to endorse health, have an obligation to direct us in the
healthiest option, not just give us a drug to mask the symptoms? </div>
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At the same time, it may be a public health concern to not
treat the symptoms if individuals are still going to participate in their
social obligations. Coughing, sneezing, diahhrea are all the body’s way to
expelling infection, therefore increasing its presence to the rest of a
population and increasing other people’s susceptibility to it. </div>
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